he look and management of orchards has changed dramatically over the past century. The picturesque orchard on the right—from a photograph of 1905—features large trees with generous spacings between them. In the 1942 edition of The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture, Liberty Hyde Bailey writes that the standard spacing was 40 feet apart each way, resulting in less than 100 trees per acre. Trees could take as long as 25 years to reach their maximum production of 500 bushels per acre. Pruning and picking required high ladders and a large labor force.